PUBLICATIONS
Papers

Accurate High-Speed 3D Body Models in Motion
This paper describes the features and outcomes of a novel 3D/4D scanner developed by IBV. MOVE4D modules can be set up for different spatial, resolution and frequency requirements to cover a wide range of biomechanical applications in apparel, sports and health.

5D Virtual Model for Thermal Comfort and Ergonomics Assessment Applied in Clothing Industries
This paper describes the features and outcomes of a novel thermal 3D/4D scanner developed by IBV. The study is the continuation of the development of a relational model able to predict thermal comfort/discomfort from users’ attributes and environmental conditions.

Digital Manufacturing Technology for Sustainable Anthropometric Apparel5 - Data management and processing of 3D body scans
Since the appearance of 3D body scanning technology until today, the progress of research has delivered several solutions to be offered to the customers’ clothing needs as to what fits better the body sizes and shapes.

A Methodology to Create 3D Body Models in Motion
This paper proposes an extended framework to describe a context for a human work environment. The framework consists of human and nonhuman elements, their inner states, and the interactions among them, with all these elements physically distributed in time and space.

A methodology to obtain anthropometric measurements from 4D scans
Anthropometric data can be measured manually, through traditional methods, or obtained from a 3D body scan. In both cases, anthropometric dimensions are measured in a static posture (e.g. standing, sitting) however, people interact with products and environments in movement.

Accuracy of a 3D temporal scanning system for gait analysis: Comparative with a marker-based photogrammetry system
Combining the accuracy of marker-based stereophotogrammetry and the usability and comfort of markerless human movement analysis is a difficult challenge. 3D temporal scanners are a promising solution, since they provide moving meshes with thousands of vertices that can be used to analyze human movements.

4D Scanning of Clothed Humans - Preliminary Results
Modern hardware makes high speed 3D scanning (4D scanning) of moving clothed humans possible and opens new possibilities for optimization of the pattern in order to provide improved clothing comfort.

Possibilities for Simulating Clothing in Motion on Person-Specific Avatars
Combining the accuracy of marker-based stereophotogrammetry and the usability and comfort of markerless human movement analysis is a difficult challenge. 3D temporal scanners are a promising solution, since they provide moving meshes with thousands of vertices that can be used to analyze human movements.

A Review of Body Measurement using 3D Scanning
This paper gives a comprehensive survey of body measurement techniques with an emphasis on 3D scanning technologies and on automatic data processing pipelines. An introduction to three most common 3D scanning technologies in body measurement, passive stereo, structured light, and time-of-flight, is provided and their merits w.r.t. body measurement are discussed.

Improvement of joint reaction forces and moments calculation during a step up and over task using a 4D scanner data
Joint forces and moments are relevant for the assessment of knee pathology [1], however, they cannot be observed directly, since they are dynamic variables that depend on the masses and inertias of body parts. Body segment inertial parameters (BSIP) are normally estimated from tables, scaled by simple equations to account for variations in subject's anthropometry (height, weight, and limb lengths). “4D scanners” (body shape in motion) allow to capture more details of human motion, including precise volumes and shapes of body segments that can be used to make more accurate calculations.

Positioning errors of anatomical landmarks identified by fixed vertices in homologous meshes
Human movement analysis is usually achieved by tracking markers attached to anatomical landmarks with photogrammetry. Such marker-based systems have disadvantages that have led to the development of markerless procedures, although their accuracy is not usually comparable to that of manual palpation procedures. New motion acquisition systems, such as 3D temporal scanners, provide homologous meshes that can be exploited for this purpose.

Applications of Using 4D Scanning Technologies in Biomechanics
The analysis of human movement using 4D data is explored in this paper. Using the CAESAR database, reference distributions of body segment volumes and 3D mesh vertices connected to anatomical landmarks were created. A child (10 years old, male) with lower limb asymmetry of idiopathic origin was investigated, comparing the asymmetries seen in “A-pose” and level gait to the reference data. Pelvic tilt curves were calculated from pelvic anatomical markers using either a single vertex or a collection of vertices...
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